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Carte des formations superficielles du bouclier arabe (Couche "quater") Introduction Explanatory notes to the Quaternary surficial deposits map of the Arabian shield Introduction
Dans le cadre du projet PRD 410 "Nouveaux concepts métallogéniques pour le bouclier arabe : Perspectives pour l'exploration", la compréhension du contexte métallogénique et la recherche de nouvelles cibles d'exploration passent par la construction d'une base de données multidisciplinaire de type SIG, dont l'une des couches correspond aux formations superficielles. La création de cette couche a nécessité la réalisation d'une carte de synthèse des formations superficielles du bouclier arabe à l'échelle 1/1 000 000 à partir des 56 cartes géologiques couvrant le bouclier arabe à léchelle 1/250 000. Cette carte a été réalisée en trois étapes : une étape de synthèse bibliographique pour préparer la légende finale, une étape de synthèse cartographique pour la réalisation de la maquette papier, et une étape informatique pour la vectorisation de la maquette, le renseignement des polygones et la mise en page.
1. La synthèse bibliographique
La légende a été réalisée en synthétisant les notices explicatives des 56 cartes géologiques utilisées (Fig. 1) et référencées en annexe. Au total, plus de 50 caissons représentant des formations superficielles différentes ou différents regroupements de formations, du Pleïstocène à lHolocène, ont été répertoriés pour lensemble du bouclier. Toutes ces formations ont été regroupées par type de dépôts puis redistribuées dans six unités permettant de rendre compte au mieux de la diversité lithologique (Tab. 1). Cette méthode a également permis de résoudre la plupart des problèmes de corrélation entre les différentes cartes, ainsi que de réinterpréter les cartes les plus anciennes. La nature et lorigine des dépôts regroupés dans ces unités, ainsi que leur zonation géographique, ont fait lobjet dune description synthétique incluse dans la notice explicative de la carte rédigée en anglais et donnée en annexe de ce document. On se limitera donc dans cette partie à en résumer les principales caractéristiques : - les dépôts éoliens (Qs) : ils comprennent les étendues sableuses, les champs de dunes et localement des sables côtiers et des silts loessiques. - les dépôts graveleux (Qg) : ils incluent les vastes étendues de graviers dont lorigine nest pas déterminée, les colluvions, le matériel pédimentaire développé sur le bedrock protérozoïque ou sur des terrains non identifiés ; - les dépôts mixtes (Qsg) : ils représentent les aires de chevauchement qui nont pu être différenciées à léchelle de travail, entre les étendues de sables éoliens, avec ou sans dunes, les étendues de graviers et les aires pédimentaires ; - les alluvions (Qa) : cette unité inclue les dépôts des principaux systèmes de drainage, actifs ou inactifs, les dépôts des plaines dinnondation et des bassins, les terraces, avec ou sans pédiment et, les cônes alluviaux ; - les dépôts de dépression et les encroûtements (Qb) : cette unité comprend lensemble des formations évaporitiques, sabkhah et khabra, les dépôts lacustres, les calcrètes, les silcrètes, les ferricrètes et les complexes récifaux ; - les dépôts indifférenciés (Q) : ils regroupent toutes les formations non indentifiées sur les documents dorigines ainsi que des aires de chevauchement de différentes unités non différentiables à léchelle de travail.
La synthèse cartographique des formations superficielles a été réalisée à l'échelle 1/500 000 à partir de photocopies avec réduction des cartes géologiques à léchelle 1/250 000 pour une lecture au 1/1 000 000. Ce travail sest heurté à deux types de problèmes ; le premier étant la reproduction des contours géologiques en limitant au mieux limprécision du document final ; le deuxième étant de trouver un mode de représentation des formations superficielles permettant dobtenir une carte qui couvre entièrement le bouclier. Limprécision sur la position des polygones dessinés peut être liée à plusieurs facteurs : les contours géologiques peuvent être discontinus entre deux cartes, des distorsions sont engendrées par la photocopie et la réduction et des imprécisions sont liées aux raccords des documents photocopiés. Pour limiter ces problèmes, la reproduction des contours a été réalisée à main levée sur un calque comportant une grille graduée en demi-degré dans une projection cylindrique équidistante superposable aux documents photocopiés. Le dessin a été réalisé cellule par cellule en recalant chaque cellule sur le document de travail. Pour chaque cellule, la procédure de dessin sest déroulée en trois étapes basées sur la reproduction partielle des contours cartographiques des formations superficielles présentes sur les cartes géologiques dorigine : 1/ Les formations superficielles représentant des polygones supérieurs à 1cm² à léchelle du travail, jointifs et appartenant à la même unité (Tab. 1) ont dabord été fusionnés et codées 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 ou 21 (Tab. 2).
Tab. 2 : Tableau des codes.
2/ Si les polygones dessinés incluent des formations superficielles appartenant à une autre unité et représentant moins d1cm² chacune, trois cas ont été traités : -cas 1 : répartition homogène des petites surfaces avec une unité proportionellement majoritaire par rapport aux autres. La proportionalité de cette unité a été estimée et un nouveau code, correspondant au pourcentage de lunité majoritaire (ensemble des petites surfaces dune même unité ou polygone dessiné) est attribué au polygone dessiné (Tab. 2) ; -cas 2 : répartition homogène sans unité majoritaire, code 21 ; -cas 3 : répartition hétérogène avec subdivision possible du polygone en fonction des différences de proportionalités. Dans ce cas, tous les codes sont possibles pour les "sous-polygones". 3/ Pour les surfaces restantes, correspondant au bedrock recouvert de formations superficielles inférieures à 1 cm², leur codage sest fait en fonction des trois cas précédant.
Après digitalisation de la maquette codée, la couche, baptisée QUATER, a été renseignée et sa précision a été estimée par rapport aux autres couches. La couche QUATER est décrite par une table attributaire contenant le numéro du polygone, (quater_ID), unique pour chaque polygone, le code numérique correspondant à la formation cartographiée (Fs_num) et des caractéristiques géométriques (Area et Perimeter). Cette table a été renseignée par fusion avec le tableau 3. Fs_unit correspond au nom de lunité, Fs_code à son symbol, Z_inf et Z_sup aux pourcentages inférieurs et supérieurs daffleurements: La précison sur le callage des polygones a été déterminée par rapport aux limites physiques de lArabie et par rapport au réseau hydrographique (DCW). Par rapport au trait de côte et aux frontières avec la Jordanie et le Yemen, les limites de la carte sont géographiquement précises avec une erreur variant entre 0 et 1 km. Cette erreur atteint localement 2 km sur des détails qui ont été modérément lissés dans les secteurs où la côte est très découpée. A lintérieur du bouclier, le réseau hydrographique se superpose aux polygones correspondant à lorigine aux dépôts des oueds (Qa) avec une présision comparable au test précédant.
Cette carte peut être mise en page sous Arcview avec une analyse thématique par Fs_num faisant apparaître les différentes unités en fonction de leur pourcentage (Fig. 2, hors texte).
La carte des formations superficielles du bouclier arabe représente un travail de synthèse basé sur des travaux cartographiques parfois anciens et réinterprétés à laide des cartes les plus récentes. Le mode de représentation cartographique choisi permet de couvrir lensemble du bouclier. Cette carte a été réalisée pour une consultation au 1/1 000 000 avec une précision de lordre du kilomètre et une notice explicative rédigée en anglais. Elle est consultable sous Arcview et Mapinfo avec des analyses thématiques prédéfinies permettant de représenter directement les différentes formations selon un code couleur précis. Cette carte constitue une couche importante du SIG. Par croisement avec les autres couches, elle permettra d'identifier de nouvelles cibles dexploration dans les secteurs où le recouvrement superficiel ne donne pas laccès direct à linformation.
Tab. 3 : Table de renseignements.
to the Quaternary surficial deposits map of the Arabian shield.
Introduction The 1:1,000,000-scale Quaternary surficial deposits map of the Arabian Shield is a synthesis of the 56 1:250,000-scale geological sheets covering the shield. More than 50 different types of surficial deposits or groups of deposits ranging in age from Pleistocene to Holocene were taken into account and divided into the following six units: alluvium, depression deposits, sand, gravel, undifferentiated sand and gravel and undifferentiated deposits. These surficial deposits are ubiquitous throughout the Arabian Shield but are particularly abundant along the Red Sea coast and to the east and north, in the depression between the Proterozoic basement and the Phanerozoic cover. Where the deposits significantly mask the underlying bedrock, they are mapped as total cover (90-100% surficial deposits). Where they are either lacking or represented in insufficient detail on the source maps to be reported at the synthesis scale, they are mapped as partial cover (0-10%, 10-50% or 50-90% surficial deposits).
Nature and origin of the deposits, geographic zones The description of these six units is summarized from the explanatory notes of the 56 maps that were used. Alluvium (Qa) comprises wadi bed deposits filling the main channels of the active drainage system, present and ancient flood-plain and basin deposits, terrace deposits with or without pediment, and alluvial-fan deposits. The channels of the active drainage system are filled with unconsolidated, crudely bedded to well-stratified gravel, sand, silt and scattered boulders, subangular to well rounded, and locally including reworked loess or scoria derived from volcanic extrusions. The deposits are generally well defined, with crossbedding and channel structures, but certain are extremely diffuse and overlapped by eolian sand. Towards the coast, the sedimentary load of most wadis becomes distributed as deltas over sabkhahs and tidal mudflats, with only a few maintaining a channel as far as the open sea. Most active wadis of the Proterozoic domain, and those of the fossil system in the eastern depression, are too narrow to be represented at the synthesis scale where they are not associated with extensive flood-plain or terrace deposits; they are thus assigned to a different unit. The flood-plain and basin deposits of the main present channels and certain fossils channels are covered by silt, clay, sand and subordinate gravel, locally interlayered with boulder beds, sand bars, overbank deposits or reworked loess. In the Jizan quadrangle, they are correlated to the north with the alluvial terraces of the Sabya quadrangle, thought to be Pleistocene to Holocene in age. The terrace deposits consist of silt, sand, cobbles and gravel and may or may not show a desert pavement and/or a desert varnish, and locally a well-defined red soil horizon. In some places, several levels of terraces are present above the present-day channels. In the Wadi Baysh quadrangle, they are thought to be Pleistocene in age. Alluvial fans occur at the foot of the Red Sea escarpment and along certain larger wadis. The deposits consist of an unconsolidated, poorly sorted talus of pebbles and boulders, with intercalated lenses of pebbles and sand, formed by recent active erosion of the escarpments.
Depression deposits and duricrusts (Qb) include sabkhah, khabra and lacustrine deposits, duricrusts and reef complexes. This unit is present along most of the Red Sea coast where it predominantly comprises sabkhahs and tidal mudflats. These deposits consist of silt, mud and clay interstratified and encrusted in the sabkhahs by halite and gypsum. On their landward side, the deposits are locally covered by alluvium or eolian sand, whereas on their seaward side, they are protected from coastal erosion by an outer line of beach dunes or reef complexes. The latter consist of submarine, actively growing reef limestone and uplifted, inactive reef-limestone terraces, rising a few metres above sea level, of calcareous beach sand deposits, arenaceous limestone and calcareous breccia ("beach rock"). In the Jiddah quadrangle, a reef limestone gave a 14C isotopic age of 40,000 years BP. Many small patches of sabkhah, khabra and lacustrine deposits occur in the Proterozoic domain, but few are mapped at the present scale. These deposits are predominantly developed in the eastern depression where they are generally associated with a network of fossil alluvial channels that drained the basement and the Paleozoic escarpment. Sabkhah and lacustrine deposits also commonly occur in interdunal depressions. Most of these deposits are thus inactive. The khabra deposits consist of clayey-silty playas or sandy material, the lacustrine deposits of clayey material, carbonates and sandy silt locally containing abundant gastropod or bivalve shells, and the sabkhah deposits of silt and clay with interbedded evaporitic deposits. Duricrusts or thin hardened layers resembling duricrust are commonly developed over several rock types of the eastern Phanerozoic cover. Two episodes of encrustation are recognized and are the result of a long and complex evolution during the Early Quaternary and possibly the Late Pliocene.
Sand deposits (Qs) predominantly include eolian sand fields, and locally, beach sand or extensive loess silt, as along Wadi Bishah (Wadi Bishah quadrangle). Although some extensive sand sheets occur in the Proterozoic domain with well-developed dune fields, the sand deposits are essentially represented in the eastern and northern parts of the shield where they form large sand sheets and dune systems. The sand sheets vary in thickness ranging from a thin film overlying gravel-plain deposits or older layers, to deposits several metres thick. The dune systems comprise extensive mobile or fixed dune fields. Longitudinal dune chains may be more than 1 km wide and as much as 35 km long, separated by interdunal belts. Most are oriented northwest, others are northeast- or east-trending, with their direction not always corresponding to the present prevailing winds, and possibly reflecting at least two periods of aridity. This unit also covers most of the coastal plain where it comprises sand sheets and tracts of dunes, and extensive sheets of wind-blown material deposited on loess, old flood-plain deposits and pediment deposits. The unit can form east-trending linear dune ridges of 1 to 5 m high, 15 to 100 m wide and as much as 1 to 5 km long, separated by inter-dune areas. These locally grade into tracts of barchan dunes, not exceeding 10 m wide and 2-3 m high, which are generally open to the east or southeast. In some places, dunes encroach upon wadi channels or sabkhahs where sand is reworked. All these sand deposits consist of fine- to medium-grained quartz locally mixed with abundant feldspar, heavy minerals or other material; most are Holocene in age, but some may be Pleistocene. The wind-blown material consists of silt to medium-grained subangular to subrounded sand, and is generally thin (less than 1 m) with surfaces marked by ripples or small dunes.
Gravel sheets (Qg) include vast expanses of sand and gravel, colluvium, and pediment material derived from Proterozoic outcrops or developed on an unidentified unit. The gravel sheets are generally vast, containing blocks all of which are derived from older deposits, and form flat glacis dipping gently towards the depression. To the north and east, where they are well-developed, the gravel sheets can be divided into three episodes: 1) an old sheet, without recent volcanic rocks, thought to be Early Pleistocene, 2) an inactive sheet, containing recent volcanic rocks, ranging in age from early Late Pleistocene to Holocene, and 3) an active sheet mainly corresponding to present piedmont deposits. Everywhere, the colluvium comprises detritus formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock and transport by gravity and runoff over short distances. The deposits consist of unsorted angular rock fragments of all sizes forming fan-shape accumulations. Abundant colluvial deposits occur at the foot of and on the dip slopes of the Khuff Formation cuestas in the eastern part of the shield. The pediment material consists of a thin veneer of poorly sorted, fine- to coarse-grained gravel, sand and silt, partially covered by or merging with wadi sediments and eolian sand. Most of the surficial deposits of the shield belong to this unit, being predominantly composed of piedmont and pediment deposits, but also including alluvium at the bottom of the thalwegs and old alluvial terraces entirely eroded. The latter case is well illustrated by the extensive sandy plain of Sahl Rukbah (Turabah quadrangle).
Undifferentiated sand and gravel deposits (Qsg) comprise eolian sand fields, with or without dunes, gravel sheets, and pediment material. In the Al Qunfudhah quadrangle, this unit also includes sabkhahs along the coast.
Undifferentiated deposits (Q) comprise unidentified Quaternary surficial deposits and a mixed unit formed by deposits of various origin that cannot be differentiated at the present scale of work. In the Najran quadrangle, this unit is represented by a mixed unit essentially composed of alluvial gravel forming terraces above the present flood plains and underlying widespread gravel plains, including eolian sand and pediment deposits overlying older alluvial deposits and bedrock.
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Pellaton C., 1979 - Geologic Map of the Yanbu Al Bahr quadrangle, sheet 24C, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 48A, scale 1:250 000, with text, 16p. Pellaton C., 1981 - Geologic Map of the Al Madinah quadrangle, sheet 24D, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 52A, scale 1:250 000, with text, 19p. Pellaton C., 1982 - Geologic Map of the Umm Lajj quadrangle, sheet 25B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 61C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 14p. Pellaton C., 1982 - Geologic Map of the Jabal Al Buwanah quadrangle, sheet 24B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 62A, scale 1:250 000, with text, 10p. Pellaton C., 1985 - Geologic Map of the Miskah quadrangle, sheet 24F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 99C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 23p. Prinz W.C., 1983 - Geologic Map of the Al Qunfudhah quadrangle, sheet 19E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 70C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 19p. Prinz W.C., 1984 - Geologic Map of the Jibal Ha'Il quadrangle, sheet 17E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 73C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 5p. Prinz W.C., 1984 - Geologic Map of the Wadi Haliy quadrangle, sheet 18E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 74C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 13p. Quick J.E. and Doebrich J.L., 1986 - Geologic Map of the Wadi Ash Shu'bah quadrangle, sheet 26E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 108C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 23p. Ramsay C.R., 1986 - Geologic Map of the Rabigh quadrangle, sheet 22D, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 84C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 49p. Rowaihy M.N., 1985 - Geologic Map of the Haql quadrangle, sheet 29A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 80C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 15p. Sable E.G., 1985 - Geologic Map of the Najran quadrangle, sheet 17G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 78C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 17p. Sahl M. and Smith J.W., 1986 - Geologic Map of the Al Muwayh quadrangle, sheet 22E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 88C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 29p. Simons F.S., 1988 - Geologic Map of the Wadi Bishah quadrangle, sheet 20F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 97C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 34p. Thieme J.G., 1988 - Geologic Map of the Jabal Khida quadrangle, sheet 21G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 90C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 35p. Vaslet D., Delfour J., Manivit J., Le Nindre Y.M., Brosse J.M. and Fourniguet J., 1983 - Geologic Map of the Wadi Ar Rayn quadrangle, sheet 23H, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 63C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 46p. Vaslet D., Pellaton C., Manivit J., Le Nindre Y.M., Brosse J.M. and Fourniguet J., 1985 - Geologic Map of the Sulayyimah quadrangle, sheet 21H, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 100C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 32p. Vaslet D., Beurrier M., Villey M., Manivit J., Le Strat P., Le Nindre Y.M., Berthiaux A., Brosse J.M. and Fourniguet J., 1985 - Geologic Map of the Al Faydah quadrangle, sheet 25G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 102C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 28p. Vaslet D., Kellogg K.S., Berthiaux A., Le Strat P. and Vincent P.L., 1987 - Geologic Map of the Baq'A quadrangle, sheet 27F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 116C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 45p. Vaslet D., Janjou D., Robelin C., Al-Muallem M.S., Halawani M.A., Brosse J.M., Breton J.P., Courbouleix S., Roobol M.J. and Dagain J., 1994 - Geologic Map of the Tayma quadrangle, sheet 27C, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 134, scale 1:250 000, with text, 51p. Williams P.L., Vaslet D., Johnson P.R., Berthiaux A., Le Strat P. and Fourniguet J., 1986 - Geologic Map of the Jabal Habashi quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 98C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 52p. Ziab A.M. and Ramsay C. R., 1986 - Geologic Map of the Turabah quadrangle, sheet 21E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry For Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 93C, scale 1:250 000, with text, 35p. |